CLASSES

Neuropathic Pain and Peripheral Neuropathy Agents

BOXED WARNING

Milnacipran is not approved for use in children and adolescents below 17 years of age. In October 2004, the FDA directed manufacturers of all antidepressants to include a boxed warning detailing the risk of suicide in pediatric patients. A causal role has been established for antidepressants in inducing suicidality in pediatric patients. The risk of suicidality for these drugs was identified in a pooled analysis of 24 placebo-controlled trials (n=4400) lasting up to 16 weeks in pediatric patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), or other psychiatric disorders. The analysis showed a greater risk of suicidality during the first few months of treatment in those receiving antidepressants (SSRIs and others). The average risk of such events was 4% on drug therapy and 2% for placebo; however, no suicides occurred in these trials. Pooled analysis of short-term clinical trials during early phase treatment of SSRIs and other antidepressants in young adults (18 to 24 years) also showed an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior. The clinical need for an antidepressant in children or young adults for any use must be weighed against the risk of increased suicidality; patients who are started on therapy should be observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior, particularly within the first few months of starting therapy or at the time of dose increase or decrease; such observation would generally include at least weekly face-to-face contact with patients during the first 4 weeks of treatment, then every other week visits for the next 4 weeks, then at 12 weeks, and as clinically indicated beyond 12 weeks; additional contact by telephone may be appropriate between visits. It is unknown if the suicidality risk in children and young adults extends to longer-term therapy (i.e., beyond several months). The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in patients with depressive symptoms, whether these occur in primary depression or in association with another primary disorder such as OCD. All patients with a history of suicidal ideation or behaviors and those with a prominence of suicidal ideation prior to treatment are considered at an increased risk for suicidal ideation or attempts, and should be closely monitored during treatment with milnacipran. In patients who exhibit changes in symptoms, worsening of depression or emergent suicidality, a decision should be made to change or discontinue treatment. If discontinuing, the medication should be tapered as rapidly as possible, but with recognition that abrupt discontinuation can also cause adverse symptoms. All antidepressants should be prescribed in the smallest quantity consistent with good patient management in order to reduce the risk of overdose.

DEA CLASS

Rx

DESCRIPTION

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved for fibromyalgia; has also been studied for major depression, refractory depression, and bulimia nervosa.

COMMON BRAND NAMES

Savella

HOW SUPPLIED

Savella Oral Tab: 12.5mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 12.5-25-50mg

DOSAGE & INDICATIONS

†Indicates off-label use

MAXIMUM DOSAGE

200 mg/day PO.

200 mg/day PO.

17 years and older: 200 mg/day PO
Less than 17 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

DOSING CONSIDERATIONS

Specific guidelines for dosage adjustment in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed. The manufacturer recommends caution during use in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

CrCl >= 30 ml/min: No dosage adjustment is needed.
CrCl 5—29 ml/min: Reduce maintenance dose by 50% (i.e., 25—50 mg PO twice daily depending upon response and tolerability).
CrCl < 5 ml/min: Use not recommended.

ADMINISTRATION

STORAGE

Savella:
- Store at 77 degrees F; excursions permitted to 59-86 degrees F

CONTRAINDICATIONS / PRECAUTIONS

Avoid milnacipran use in any patient with a known or suspected milnacipran hypersensitivity reaction or a hypersensitivity reaction to any other ingredient in the formulation. Levomilnacipran, a commercially available enantiomer of milnicipran, is contraindicated for use in patients with a milnacipran hypersensitivity.

Caution is recommended when prescribing milnacipran to patients with closed-angle glaucoma. The pupillary dilation that can occur with milnacipran may precipitate a closed-angle glaucoma attack in patients with anatomically narrow angles who do not have a patent iridectomy. An acute attack of closed-angle glaucoma is considered a medical emergency because the increased intraocular pressure is rapid and severe, and may quickly result in blindness if left untreated.

Milnacipran is contraindicated with concurrent use of MAOI therapy intended to treat psychiatric disorders because of an increased risk of serotonin syndrome. At least 14 days should elapse between discontinuation of a MAOI intended to treat psychiatric disorders and milnacipran initiation. Conversely, at least 5 days should be allowed after stopping milnacipran before starting a MAOI intended to treat psychiatric disorders. Starting milnacipran in a patient being treated with an MAOI such as linezolid or methylene blue is also contraindicated; however, there may be circumstances when it is necessary to initiate treatment with an MAOI such as linezolid or methylene blue in a patient taking milnacipran. If acceptable alternatives are not available and benefits are judged to outweigh the risks of serotonin syndrome, milnacipran should be promptly discontinued before initiating treatment with the MAOI. Monitor the patient closely for symptoms of serotonin syndrome for 5 days or until 24 hours after the last dose of MAOI, whichever comes first. Therapy with milnacipran may be resumed 24 hours after the last dose of MAOI.

Patients should be instructed to use caution when driving or operating machinery until the full effects of milnacipran are known. Although milnacipran appears to have limited effects on cognitive function and psychomotor performance, the manufacturer states that milnacipran may affect mental and physical capabilities in some patients.

In general, abrupt discontinuation of milnacipran should be avoided due to the potential for withdrawal symptoms (see Adverse Reactions). If intolerable symptoms occur after a dosage reduction or upon treatment discontinuation, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, dosage reductions may continue but at a more gradual rate.

The use of milnacipran is not recommended in patients with renal failure (CrCl < 5 ml/min). Caution is advised when prescribing milnacipran to patients with renal disease associated with moderate to severe renal impairment. Dosage reductions are recommended for patients with severe renal impairment (see Dosage).

Caution is advised when prescribing milnacipran to patients with severe hepatic disease or impairment; however, dosage reductions are not necessary. In general, milnacipran should not be administered to patients with significant alcohol use (e.g., alcoholism) or chronic liver disease. During clinical trials, elevated liver enzymes occurred more frequently in milnacipran-treated patients than those receiving placebo. Milnacipran should be discontinued if jaundice or other signs of liver dysfunction become evident.

Evaluate blood pressure prior to initiating treatment with milnacipran, and periodically thereafter. Treatment-emergent blood pressure elevations have been observed, including development of hypertension in baseline normotensive patients and and worsening of hypertension in baseline hypertensive patients. Hypertensive emergencies have also occurred. Dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary in patients who experience sustained blood pressure elevations. Close monitoring should especially occur in patients with pre-existing cardiac disease or hypertension upon initiation of milnacipran therapy.

Milnacipran use has been associated with increased heart rate, ranging from 7 to 20 beats per minute over baseline depending on the dose. Measure heart rate prior to initiating treatment, and periodically thereafter, and treat pre-existing tachyarrhythmias and other cardiac arrhythmias or disorders before initiating therapy. Dose reduction or drug discontinuation may be necessary in patients who experience sustained increases in heart rate. Milnacipran has not been systematically evaluated in patients with pre-existing cardiac arrhythmias.

Caution is advised when prescribing milnacipran to patients with seizures or a seizure disorder. Although seizures were not reported during clinical trials for fibromyalgia, seizures have occurred infrequently during use of the drug for other indications.

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as milnacipran may cause hyponatremia, which is frequently the result of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). In some cases, serum sodium levels less than 110 mmol/L have been reported; however, the adverse effect appeared reversible upon discontinuation of the causative SNRI. Older patients, those receiving diuretics or prone to dehydration, and those who are otherwise volume depleted (e.g., hypovolemia) appear to be at greatest risk. Hyponatremia may manifest as headache, difficulty concentrating, memory impairment, confusion, weakness, and unsteadiness which may result in falls. Severe manifestations include hallucinations, syncope, seizure, coma, respiratory arrest, and death. Symptomatic hyponatremia may require discontinuation of the SNRI, as well as implementation of the appropriate medical interventions.

Milnacipran is in a class of drugs known to affect urethral resistance. Use milnacipran with caution in patients with pre-existing urinary retention, prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis, urinary tract obstruction, or lower urinary tract obstructive disorders. Dysuria was an infrequently reported adverse effect in milnacipran clinical trials. Some cases with other serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have required hospitalization and/or catheterization.

Milnacipran is classified as FDA pregnancy risk category C. Milnacipran should be used in pregnancy only where the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs any potential risk to the fetus. If the clinician and patient decide to continue milnacipran during pregnancy, discontinuation symptoms should be considered in the newborn at birth. Fetal exposure to serotonergic antidepressants late in the third trimester has resulted in complications requiring prolonged hospitalization, respiratory support, and tube feeding in the neonate. Such complications can arise immediately upon delivery. Features are consistent with either a direct toxic effect of serotonergic agents or, possibly, a neonatal abstinence syndrome. It should be noted that, in some cases, the clinical picture is consistent with serotonin syndrome. Reported findings have included respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulties, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, tremor, jitteriness, irritability, and constant crying. When treating a pregnant woman with an SNRI or other serotonergic agent during the third trimester, the physician should carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of treatment. If clinically feasible, gradual tapering of the medication prior to delivery may be considered. Results from animal studies showed an increased incidence in fetal mortality and skeletal variation (i.e., extra single rib) when milnacipran was administered to pregnant animals; postpartum weight loss and decreased viability occurred when milnacipran was administered to rats during late gestation. Physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients receiving milnacipran enroll in the Savella Pregnancy Registry to provide information about the effects of in utero exposure to the drug. Enrollment is voluntary. Patients or their healthcare providers may call 1—877—643—3010 to enroll in the registry, or they may use the e-mail or website address provided in the product labeling. Because the effects of milnacipran during labor and delivery are unknown, use is not recommended.

According to the manufacturer, milnacipran is present in the breast milk of lactating women, and caution should be exercised when milnacipran is administered to a breast-feeding mother. In a pharmacokinetic study, milnacipran 50 mg PO was administered as a single dose to 8 lactating women who were at least 12 weeks postpartum and weaning their infants. Based on peak plasma concentrations, the maximum daily infant dose of milnacipran from breast milk (assuming mean milk consumption of 150 ml/kg/day) was estimated to be 5% of the maternal dose. In most patients, peak concentrations of milnacipran in breast milk were seen within 4 hours after the maternal dose. Galactorrhea has been reported during milnacipran therapy, and thus, interference with proper lactation may be possible. Although duloxetine may be considered as an alternative to milnacipran in the treatment of fibromyalgia, safety of duloxetine during breast-feeding has not been established. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not make specific recommendations regarding duloxetine or milnacipran use during breast-feeding, but the AAP cautions that psychotropic medications affect neurotransmitter function in the developing central nervous system, and therefore, the accurate prediction of long-term adverse effects may not be possible. Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition. If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse effect related to a maternally ingested drug, healthcare providers are encouraged to report the adverse effect to the FDA.

Milnacipran is not approved for use in children and adolescents below 17 years of age. In October 2004, the FDA directed manufacturers of all antidepressants to include a boxed warning detailing the risk of suicide in pediatric patients. A causal role has been established for antidepressants in inducing suicidality in pediatric patients. The risk of suicidality for these drugs was identified in a pooled analysis of 24 placebo-controlled trials (n=4400) lasting up to 16 weeks in pediatric patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), or other psychiatric disorders. The analysis showed a greater risk of suicidality during the first few months of treatment in those receiving antidepressants (SSRIs and others). The average risk of such events was 4% on drug therapy and 2% for placebo; however, no suicides occurred in these trials. Pooled analysis of short-term clinical trials during early phase treatment of SSRIs and other antidepressants in young adults (18 to 24 years) also showed an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior. The clinical need for an antidepressant in children or young adults for any use must be weighed against the risk of increased suicidality; patients who are started on therapy should be observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior, particularly within the first few months of starting therapy or at the time of dose increase or decrease; such observation would generally include at least weekly face-to-face contact with patients during the first 4 weeks of treatment, then every other week visits for the next 4 weeks, then at 12 weeks, and as clinically indicated beyond 12 weeks; additional contact by telephone may be appropriate between visits. It is unknown if the suicidality risk in children and young adults extends to longer-term therapy (i.e., beyond several months). The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in patients with depressive symptoms, whether these occur in primary depression or in association with another primary disorder such as OCD. All patients with a history of suicidal ideation or behaviors and those with a prominence of suicidal ideation prior to treatment are considered at an increased risk for suicidal ideation or attempts, and should be closely monitored during treatment with milnacipran. In patients who exhibit changes in symptoms, worsening of depression or emergent suicidality, a decision should be made to change or discontinue treatment. If discontinuing, the medication should be tapered as rapidly as possible, but with recognition that abrupt discontinuation can also cause adverse symptoms. All antidepressants should be prescribed in the smallest quantity consistent with good patient management in order to reduce the risk of overdose.

All effective antidepressants can transform depression into mania in predisposed individuals. It is generally believed that treating such an episode with an antidepressant alone may increase the likelihood of precipitation of a mixed/manic episode in patients at risk for bipolar disorder. If a patient develops manic symptoms, milnacipran should be withheld, and appropriate therapy initiated to treat the manic symptoms. Additionally, depression may be the presenting symptom of a mixed/manic episode of bipolar disorder. Patients should be adequately screened for bipolar disorder prior to initiating an antidepressant. Such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression. Patients with depression or comorbid depression in the setting of other psychiatric illness being treated with antidepressants should be observed for clinical worsening and suicidality, especially during the initial few months of a course of drug therapy, or at times of dose changes. Caregivers should be advised to closely observe the patient on a daily basis and to communicate immediately with the prescriber the emergence of agitation, irritability, unusual changes in behavior, or suicidality. Analysis of short-term studies in geriatric patients aged 65 years and older showed a decline in the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior during early phase treatment with SSRIs and other antidepressants, contrary to the data obtained in children and young adults.

Monitor patients taking a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by SNRIs due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage). Concurrent use of anticoagulant therapy, thrombolytic therapy, or other medications that enhance bleeding potential may increase this risk (see Drug Interactions). Patients taking milnacipran should be instructed to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.

In controlled clinical studies of milnacipran, 402 patients were 60 years or older, and no overall differences in safety and efficacy were observed between these patients and younger adult patients. Unchanged milnacipran is predominantly excreted via the kidneys and with the expected decrease in renal function with age, renal function should be considered prior to use of milnacipran in the geriatric adult, and initial dosages lowered as needed. Geriatric patients appear to be at higher risk for hyponatremia from serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) therapy, such as milnacipran. Hyponatremia is frequently the result of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). In some cases, serum sodium levels less than 110 mmol/L have been reported. Symptomatic hyponatremia may require discontinuation of the SNRI, as well as implementation of the appropriate medical interventions. According to the Beers Criteria, SNRIs are considered potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older adults and should be used cautiously because SNRIs can cause or exacerbate hyponatremia and SIADH and the elderly are at increased risk of developing these conditions. Sodium levels should be closely monitored when starting or changing dosages in older adults. The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) regulates the use of antidepressants in residents of long-term care facilities. According to OBRA, the duration of therapy should be in accordance with pertinent literature for the condition being treated, including clinical practice guidelines. All residents being treated for depression with any antidepressant should be monitored closely for worsening of depression and/or suicidal behavior or thinking, especially during initiation of therapy and during dose changes. Antidepressants may cause dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, somnolence, weight gain, anorexia, or increased appetite. Many of these effects can increase the risk for falls. Prior to discontinuation, many antidepressants may need a taper to avoid a withdrawal syndrome. Concurrent use of 2 or more antidepressants may increase the risk of side effects; in such cases there should be documentation of expected benefits that outweigh the associated risks and monitoring for any increase in side effects. Monitoring should consist of a review for continued need at least quarterly, and documentation of the rationale for continuation. When the drug is being used to manage behavior, stabilize mood, or treat a psychiatric disorder, the facility should attempt to taper the medication as outlined in the OBRA guidelines, unless a taper is clinically contraindicated.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

oliguria / Early / 0-2.0
pancreatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypertensive crisis / Early / Incidence not known
seizures / Delayed / Incidence not known
serotonin syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
suicidal ideation / Delayed / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
renal failure (unspecified) / Delayed / Incidence not known
neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like symptoms / Delayed / Incidence not known
rhabdomyolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known

constipation / Delayed / 15.0-16.0
hot flashes / Early / 11.0-12.0
palpitations / Early / 7.0-8.0
hypertension / Early / 4.0-7.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 3.0-7.0
migraine / Early / 4.0-6.0
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / 2.0-3.0
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / 2.0-3.0
dyspnea / Early / 2.0-2.0
urethral pain / Early / 0-2.0
depression / Delayed / 1.0
confusion / Early / 1.0
blurred vision / Early / 2.0
prostatitis / Delayed / 2.0
impotence (erectile dysfunction) / Delayed / 2.0
testicular swelling / Early / 2.0
ejaculation dysfunction / Delayed / 2.0
urinary retention / Early / 2.0
dysuria / Early / 1.0
cystitis / Delayed / 1.0
peripheral edema / Delayed / 1.0
hypercholesterolemia / Delayed / 1.0
supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) / Early / Incidence not known
pseudoparkinsonism / Delayed / Incidence not known
hostility / Early / Incidence not known
delirium / Early / Incidence not known
hallucinations / Early / Incidence not known
mania / Early / Incidence not known
bleeding / Early / Incidence not known
platelet dysfunction / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyponatremia / Delayed / Incidence not known
physiological dependence / Delayed / Incidence not known
withdrawal / Early / Incidence not known
jaundice / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
neutropenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperprolactinemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
galactorrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known

nausea / Early / 35.0-39.0
headache / Early / 17.0-19.0
insomnia / Early / 12.0-12.0
dizziness / Early / 10.0-11.0
hyperhidrosis / Delayed / 8.0-9.0
vomiting / Early / 6.0-7.0
infection / Delayed / 6.0-7.0
xerostomia / Early / 5.0-5.0
anxiety / Delayed / 3.0-5.0
rash (unspecified) / Early / 3.0-4.0
abdominal pain / Early / 3.0-3.0
flushing / Rapid / 2.0-3.0
paresthesias / Delayed / 2.0-3.0
pruritus / Rapid / 2.0-3.0
hypoesthesia / Delayed / 1.0-2.0
tremor / Early / 2.0-2.0
chills / Rapid / 1.0-2.0
flatulence / Early / 1.0
dysgeusia / Early / 1.0
dyspepsia / Early / 1.0
gastroesophageal reflux / Delayed / 1.0
diarrhea / Early / 1.0
drowsiness / Early / 1.0
irritability / Delayed / 1.0
fever / Early / 1.0
night sweats / Early / 1.0
weight gain / Delayed / 1.0
weight loss / Delayed / 1.0
libido decrease / Delayed / 2.0
testicular pain / Early / 2.0
fatigue / Early / 1.0
anorexia / Delayed / Incidence not known

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Abciximab: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Acebutolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Acetaminophen; Pentazocine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as pentazocine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Acetaminophen; Tramadol: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran and levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. The combination of other serotonergic medications and tramadol has been associated with serotonin syndrome and seizures. Several cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported following the administration of tramadol with SSRIs such as paroxetine or sertraline. Levomilnacipran, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, has actions similar to the SSRIs and thus may also have the potential to interact with tramadol. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or other adverse effects. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, levomilnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Aliskiren: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Aliskiren; Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Alpha-blockers: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Alprazolam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Alteplase, tPA: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving thrombolytic agents. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding when a thrombolytic agent is administered with an SNRI.
Ambrisentan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Aminosalicylate sodium, Aminosalicylic acid: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Amitriptyline; Chlordiazepoxide: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Amlodipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Telmisartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Amoxapine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran with other drugs that have central serotonergic properties such as amoxapine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Salts: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as amphetamines. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. In addition, the MAOI activity of amphetamines may be of concern with the use of drugs that have serotonergic activity. A man developed marked agitation, anxiety, diaphoresis, shivering, tachycardia, tremor, generalized hypertonia, hyperreflexia, 1 to 2 beats of inducible ankle clonus, frequent myoclonic jerking, and tonic spasm of the right side of his orbicularis oris muscle while taking dexamphetamine and venlafaxine. Cessation of both drugs and administration of cyproheptadine led to a stepwise heart rate reduction and complete symptom resolution. Patients receiving SNRIs and amphetamines should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and during dosage increases. The SNRI and amphetamine should be discontinued if serotonin syndrome occurs and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated.
Anagrelide: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Anticoagulants: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Antithrombin III: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Apixaban: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Argatroban: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Articaine; Epinephrine: Concomitant use of milnacipran with drugs that increase blood pressure and heart rate has not been systematically evaluated and such combinations should be used with caution. Due to the effects of milnacipran on noradrenergic pathways, paroxysmal hypertension and arrhythmias may occur during concurrent use of epinephrine. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, and the patients clinical response to therapy if co-use is necessary. Milnacipran is associated with a mean increase in heart rate of 7 to 8 beats per minute, and higher increases in heart rate (13 beats per minute or more) occur more commonly in patients treated with milnacipran than in those receiving placebo. The mean increase from baseline was 5 to 6 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cases of hypertension with milnacipran have been reported, some requiring immediate treatment.
Aspirin, ASA: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Aspirin, ASA; Pravastatin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Atenolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Atropine; Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: Concurrent use of methylene blue and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran) should generally be avoided due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Results from an in vitro study indicate that methylene blue is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase type A enzyme (MAO-A). MAO-A is responsible for the metabolism of serotonin; therefore, concurrent use of an MAO-A inhibitor with serotonergic agents such as SNRIs may result in a clinically significant interaction. Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported, primarily following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue (1 to 8 mg/kg) as a visualizing agent in parathyroid surgery, in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, or clomipramine. It is not known if patients receiving other serotonergic psychiatric agents with intravenous methylene blue are at a comparable risk or if methylene blue administered by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. One case report suggests that serotonin toxicity may have occurred post-operatively following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue in a patient receiving duloxetine. The patient experienced disorientation, a mildly elevated temperature, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, mild agitation, and nystagmus. In a separate case, a patient who had been receiving venlafaxine developed expressive aphasia, confusion, and disinhibition following a methylene blue infusion. The authors concluded that methylene blue toxicity had occurred; however, they did not exclude the possibility of a drug interaction based upon previous reports of an interaction between injectable methylene blue and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Published interaction reports between intravenously administered methylene blue and serotonergic psychiatric agents have documented symptoms including lethargy, confusion, delirium, agitation, aggression, obtundation, myoclonus, expressive aphasia, hypertonia, pyrexia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, and/or coma. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include fever, diaphoresis, shivering, myoclonus, tremor, tachycardia, diarrhea, nausea, headache, incoordination, mental status changes (e.g., agitation, confusion), hyperreflexia, seizures, and coma. If emergent treatment with methylene blue is required in a patient receiving an SNRI, the SNRI must be stopped immediately and the patient should be monitored for symptoms of CNS toxicity for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. During non-emergent use of methylene blue, the SNRI should be stopped at least 2 weeks prior to methylene blue treatment, but also taking into consideration the half-life of the SNRI being discontinued. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Azilsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Benazepril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Bendroflumethiazide; Nadolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Benzodiazepines: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: Concurrent use of methylene blue and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran) should generally be avoided due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Results from an in vitro study indicate that methylene blue is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase type A enzyme (MAO-A). MAO-A is responsible for the metabolism of serotonin; therefore, concurrent use of an MAO-A inhibitor with serotonergic agents such as SNRIs may result in a clinically significant interaction. Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported, primarily following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue (1 to 8 mg/kg) as a visualizing agent in parathyroid surgery, in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, or clomipramine. It is not known if patients receiving other serotonergic psychiatric agents with intravenous methylene blue are at a comparable risk or if methylene blue administered by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. One case report suggests that serotonin toxicity may have occurred post-operatively following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue in a patient receiving duloxetine. The patient experienced disorientation, a mildly elevated temperature, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, mild agitation, and nystagmus. In a separate case, a patient who had been receiving venlafaxine developed expressive aphasia, confusion, and disinhibition following a methylene blue infusion. The authors concluded that methylene blue toxicity had occurred; however, they did not exclude the possibility of a drug interaction based upon previous reports of an interaction between injectable methylene blue and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Published interaction reports between intravenously administered methylene blue and serotonergic psychiatric agents have documented symptoms including lethargy, confusion, delirium, agitation, aggression, obtundation, myoclonus, expressive aphasia, hypertonia, pyrexia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, and/or coma. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include fever, diaphoresis, shivering, myoclonus, tremor, tachycardia, diarrhea, nausea, headache, incoordination, mental status changes (e.g., agitation, confusion), hyperreflexia, seizures, and coma. If emergent treatment with methylene blue is required in a patient receiving an SNRI, the SNRI must be stopped immediately and the patient should be monitored for symptoms of CNS toxicity for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. During non-emergent use of methylene blue, the SNRI should be stopped at least 2 weeks prior to methylene blue treatment, but also taking into consideration the half-life of the SNRI being discontinued. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Benzphetamine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as amphetamines. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. In addition, the MAOI activity of amphetamines may be of concern with the use of drugs that have serotonergic activity. A man developed marked agitation, anxiety, diaphoresis, shivering, tachycardia, tremor, generalized hypertonia, hyperreflexia, 12 beats of inducible ankle clonus, frequent myoclonic jerking, and tonic spasm of the right side of his orbicularis oris muscle while taking dexamphetamine and venlafaxine. Cessation of both drugs and administration of cyproheptadine led to a stepwise heart rate reduction and complete symptom resolution. Patients receiving an SNRI and an amphetamine should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and during dosage increases. The SNRI and amphetamine should be discontinued if serotonin syndrome occurs and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated.
Beta-adrenergic blockers: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Betaxolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Bismuth Subsalicylate: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Bisoprolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Bivalirudin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Bosentan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Brimonidine; Timolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Bromocriptine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as bromocriptine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving these combinations should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Buprenorphine: Concurrent use of opioids, such as buprenorphine, with other drugs that modulate serotonergic function, such as SNRIs like milnacipran, has resulted in serotonin syndrome in some cases. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If combination treatment is required, patients should be carefully observed, particularly during treatment initiation and during dose adjustments of the serotonergic drug; discontinue buprenorphine if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: Concurrent use of opioids, such as buprenorphine, with other drugs that modulate serotonergic function, such as SNRIs like milnacipran, has resulted in serotonin syndrome in some cases. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If combination treatment is required, patients should be carefully observed, particularly during treatment initiation and during dose adjustments of the serotonergic drug; discontinue buprenorphine if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
Buspirone: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as buspirone. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving these combinations should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Cabergoline: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as cabergoline. Cabergoline has minimal affinity for serotonin receptors, possibly reducing the risk of this interaction compared to the chemically related ergot alkaloids. However, patients receiving cabergoline with an SNRI should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Candesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Captopril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Carbinoxamine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Carteolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Carvedilol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Celecoxib: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Chlordiazepoxide: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. In addition, because milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, it may antagonize the antihypertensive and other pharmacologic effects of centrally-acting alpha-2 agonists such as clonidine. Use of another antidepressant would be preferable in patients taking clonidine.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Cilostazol: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Citalopram: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Clonazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Clonidine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. In addition, because milnacipran inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, it may antagonize the antihypertensive and other pharmacologic effects of centrally-acting alpha-2 agonists such as clonidine. Use of another antidepressant would be preferable in patients taking clonidine.
Clopidogrel: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Clorazepate: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Cyclobenzaprine: Cautious use of cyclobenzaprine and drugs that increase serotonin concentrations such as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) is advised because of the possibility of serotonin syndrome. If these drugs must be used together, closely monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome. If such a reaction develops, immediately discontinue cyclobenzaprine and the SSRI. A suspected case of serotonin syndrome was noted in a man who took duloxetine, opiates, and cyclobenzaprine. The man developed worsening confusion, hallucinations, diaphoresis, tachycardia, tremors, marked agitation, spontaneous sustained clonus, and multifocal myoclonus.but recovered after duloxetine and cyclobenzaprine discontinuation and cyproheptadine initiation. In addition, cyclobenzaprine is structurally similar to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and like TCAs, is associated with a possible risk of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP), particularly in the event of acute overdose. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously with cyclobenzaprine include venlafaxine and potentially other SNRIs.
Dabigatran: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Dalteparin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Danaparoid: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Desirudin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Desvenlafaxine: Due to similarity of pharmacology and the potential for additive adverse effects, including serotonin syndrome, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) including venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, and milnacipran should not be coadministered. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. It is advisable to monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during an overlapping transition from one SNRI to another SNRI.
Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dexmethylphenidate: It is possible that dexmethylphenidate could interact with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These interactions could lead to serotonin excess and serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The manufacturers of methylphenidate have noted that an NMS-like event occurred in a child who had been taking methylphenidate chronically, 45 minutes after ingesting a dose of venlafaxine. It is unclear if the reaction was the result of a drug-drug interaction. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, offending agents should be discontinued. While serotonergic agents like venlafaxine have occasionally been prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, the concurrent use of dexmethylphenidate with SNRIs should be approached with caution until more data are available. It is possible that methylphenidate could interact with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These interactions could lead to serotonin excess and serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The manufacturers of methylphenidate have noted that an NMS-like event occurred in a child who had been taking methylphenidate chronically, 45 minutes after ingesting a dose of venlafaxine. It is unclear if the reaction was the result of a drug-drug interaction. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, offending agents should be discontinued. While serotonergic agents like venlafaxine have occasionally been prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, the concurrent use of methylphenidate with SNRIs should be approached with caution until more data are available.
Dextromethorphan: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Promethazine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or Levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as dextromethorphan. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Diazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Diazoxide: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Diclofenac: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Diflunisal: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Digoxin: Postural hypotension and tachycardia have occurred during concurrent use of intravenous digoxin and milnacipran. Use of this combination is not recommended. Per the product labeling, there was no pharmacokinetic interaction between milnacipran and orally administered digoxin in healthy subjects. The possibility of a pharmacodynamic interaction should not be excluded.
Diltiazem: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Dipyridamole: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Diuretics: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Dorzolamide; Timolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Doxazosin: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Duloxetine: Due to similarity of pharmacology and the potential for additive adverse effects, including serotonin syndrome, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) including venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, and milnacipran should not be coadministered. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. It is advisable to monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during an overlapping transition from one SNRI to another SNRI.
Edoxaban: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Enalapril, Enalaprilat: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Enalapril; Felodipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Enoxaparin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Epinephrine: Concomitant use of milnacipran with drugs that increase blood pressure and heart rate has not been systematically evaluated and such combinations should be used with caution. Due to the effects of milnacipran on noradrenergic pathways, paroxysmal hypertension and arrhythmias may occur during concurrent use of epinephrine. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, and the patients clinical response to therapy if co-use is necessary. Milnacipran is associated with a mean increase in heart rate of 7 to 8 beats per minute, and higher increases in heart rate (13 beats per minute or more) occur more commonly in patients treated with milnacipran than in those receiving placebo. The mean increase from baseline was 5 to 6 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cases of hypertension with milnacipran have been reported, some requiring immediate treatment.
Epoprostenol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Eprosartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Eptifibatide: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Ergot alkaloids: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as ergot alkaloids. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving these combinations should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Escitalopram: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Esmolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Esomeprazole; Naproxen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Estazolam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Ethanol: Alcohol use should be avoided during treatment with milnacipran or levomilnacipran. Use of alcohol while taking milnacipran or levomilncaipran can cause milnacipran or levomilnacipran to enter the bloodstream too quickly, which may cause serious side effects.
Etodolac: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Famotidine; Ibuprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Felodipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Fenoldopam: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Fenoprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Fentanyl: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran or levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as fentanyl. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran or levomilnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Flumazenil: The use of flumazenil to treat overdosage of mixtures of drugs should be undertaken with caution. Treatment with flumazenil can result in convulsions and cardiac dysrhythmias induced by these drugs.
Fluoxetine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Fluoxetine; Olanzapine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Flurazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Flurbiprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Fluvoxamine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Fondaparinux: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Fosinopril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Granisetron: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering granisetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as milnacipran. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue granisetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Guanfacine: Levomilnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of levomilnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. In addition, because levomilnacipran inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, it may antagonize the antihypertensive and other pharmacologic effects of clonidine or guanfacine, centrally-acting antihypertensives that decrease noradrenergic activity. Use of another antidepressant would be preferable in patients taking clonidine or guanfacine.
Heparin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Hydralazine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydralazine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydralazine; Isosorbide Dinitrate, ISDN: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Irbesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Lisinopril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Losartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Metoprolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Quinapril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Telmisartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: Concurrent use of methylene blue and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran) should generally be avoided due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Results from an in vitro study indicate that methylene blue is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase type A enzyme (MAO-A). MAO-A is responsible for the metabolism of serotonin; therefore, concurrent use of an MAO-A inhibitor with serotonergic agents such as SNRIs may result in a clinically significant interaction. Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported, primarily following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue (1 to 8 mg/kg) as a visualizing agent in parathyroid surgery, in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, or clomipramine. It is not known if patients receiving other serotonergic psychiatric agents with intravenous methylene blue are at a comparable risk or if methylene blue administered by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. One case report suggests that serotonin toxicity may have occurred post-operatively following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue in a patient receiving duloxetine. The patient experienced disorientation, a mildly elevated temperature, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, mild agitation, and nystagmus. In a separate case, a patient who had been receiving venlafaxine developed expressive aphasia, confusion, and disinhibition following a methylene blue infusion. The authors concluded that methylene blue toxicity had occurred; however, they did not exclude the possibility of a drug interaction based upon previous reports of an interaction between injectable methylene blue and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Published interaction reports between intravenously administered methylene blue and serotonergic psychiatric agents have documented symptoms including lethargy, confusion, delirium, agitation, aggression, obtundation, myoclonus, expressive aphasia, hypertonia, pyrexia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, and/or coma. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include fever, diaphoresis, shivering, myoclonus, tremor, tachycardia, diarrhea, nausea, headache, incoordination, mental status changes (e.g., agitation, confusion), hyperreflexia, seizures, and coma. If emergent treatment with methylene blue is required in a patient receiving an SNRI, the SNRI must be stopped immediately and the patient should be monitored for symptoms of CNS toxicity for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. During non-emergent use of methylene blue, the SNRI should be stopped at least 2 weeks prior to methylene blue treatment, but also taking into consideration the half-life of the SNRI being discontinued. Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Ibuprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Iloprost: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Indomethacin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Irbesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Isoniazid, INH: Milnacipran is a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and concurrent use with drugs with MAOI-activity such as isoniazid, INH should be avoided if possible because the combination may increase the risk for serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: Milnacipran is a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and concurrent use with drugs with MAOI-activity such as isoniazid, INH should be avoided if possible because the combination may increase the risk for serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: Milnacipran is a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and concurrent use with drugs with MAOI-activity such as isoniazid, INH should be avoided if possible because the combination may increase the risk for serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Isradipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Kava Kava, Piper methysticum: The German Commission E and other groups warn that any substances that act on the CNS, including psychopharmacologic agents, may interact with the phytomedicinals kava kava, Piper methysticum. These interactions are probably pharmacodynamic in nature, or result from additive mechanisms of action.
Ketoprofen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Ketorolac: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Labetalol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Lepirudin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Levobetaxolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Levobunolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Levomilnacipran: Due to similarity of pharmacology and the potential for additive adverse effects, including serotonin syndrome, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as levomilnacipran and milnacipran should not be coadministered. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. It is advisable to monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during an overlapping transition from one SNRI to another SNRI.
Linezolid: The use of desvenlafaxine is contraindicated in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Concurrent use of desvenlafaxine with MAOIs may be associated with serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Desvenlafaxine should not be used in patients who have received an MAOI within the previous 14 days. A washout period of at least 7 days is required after stopping desvenlafaxine before initiating treatment with an MAOI. Finally, linezolid also possesses weak non-selective MAO-inhibiting activity and concurrent use withdesvenlafaxine should be avoided if possible.
Lisdexamfetamine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as lisdexamfetamine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. In addition, the MAOI activity of amphetamines may be of concern with the use of drugs that have serotonergic activity. A man developed marked agitation, anxiety, diaphoresis, shivering, tachycardia, tremor, generalized hypertonia, hyperreflexia, 1 to 2 beats of inducible ankle clonus, frequent myoclonic jerking, and tonic spasm of the right side of his orbicularis oris muscle while taking dexamphetamine and venlafaxine. Cessation of both drugs and administration of cyproheptadine led to a stepwise heart rate reduction and complete symptom resolution. Patients receiving SNRIs and amphetamines should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and during dosage increases. The SNRI and amphetamine should be discontinued if serotonin syndrome occurs and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated.
Lisinopril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Lithium: Lithium is an effective augmenting agent to antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression; however, lithium has been reported to have central serotonin-enhancing effects and may interact pharmacodynamically with milnacipran to cause serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Patients should be informed of the possible increased risk of serotonin syndrome. If serotonin syndrome occurs, milnacipran and lithium should be discontinued and symptomatic treatment should be initiated. One systematic review and meta-analysis of lithium augmentation of tricyclic and second generation antidepressants in major depression found no difference in discontinuation rate due to adverse events between the lithium and placebo groups. However, some data indicate that the elderly may have increased susceptibility to neurotoxicity (e.g., fine tremor, ataxia, severe memory impairment, and/or gait disturbances) from concurrent use of lithium and antidepressants, despite therapeutic lithium concentrations. There does not appear to be a pharmacokinetic interaction between lithium and milnacipran.
Lorazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Lorcaserin: Based on the mechanism of action of lorcaserin and the theoretical potential for serotonin syndrome, use with extreme caution in combination with other drugs that may affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, including, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) like signs and symptoms.
Losartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Magnesium Salicylate: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Meclofenamate Sodium: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Mefenamic Acid: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Meloxicam: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Meperidine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as meperidine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Meperidine; Promethazine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as meperidine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Methamphetamine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as amphetamines. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. In addition, the MAOI activity of amphetamines may be of concern with the use of drugs that have serotonergic activity. A man developed marked agitation, anxiety, diaphoresis, shivering, tachycardia, tremor, generalized hypertonia, hyperreflexia, 1 to 2 beats of inducible ankle clonus, frequent myoclonic jerking, and tonic spasm of the right side of his orbicularis oris muscle while taking dexamphetamine and venlafaxine. Cessation of both drugs and administration of cyproheptadine led to a stepwise heart rate reduction and complete symptom resolution. Patients receiving an SNRI and an amphetamine should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and during dosage increases. The SNRI and amphetamine should be discontinued if serotonin syndrome occurs and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: Concurrent use of methylene blue and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran) should generally be avoided due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Results from an in vitro study indicate that methylene blue is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase type A enzyme (MAO-A). MAO-A is responsible for the metabolism of serotonin; therefore, concurrent use of an MAO-A inhibitor with serotonergic agents such as SNRIs may result in a clinically significant interaction. Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported, primarily following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue (1 to 8 mg/kg) as a visualizing agent in parathyroid surgery, in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, or clomipramine. It is not known if patients receiving other serotonergic psychiatric agents with intravenous methylene blue are at a comparable risk or if methylene blue administered by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. One case report suggests that serotonin toxicity may have occurred post-operatively following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue in a patient receiving duloxetine. The patient experienced disorientation, a mildly elevated temperature, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, mild agitation, and nystagmus. In a separate case, a patient who had been receiving venlafaxine developed expressive aphasia, confusion, and disinhibition following a methylene blue infusion. The authors concluded that methylene blue toxicity had occurred; however, they did not exclude the possibility of a drug interaction based upon previous reports of an interaction between injectable methylene blue and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Published interaction reports between intravenously administered methylene blue and serotonergic psychiatric agents have documented symptoms including lethargy, confusion, delirium, agitation, aggression, obtundation, myoclonus, expressive aphasia, hypertonia, pyrexia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, and/or coma. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include fever, diaphoresis, shivering, myoclonus, tremor, tachycardia, diarrhea, nausea, headache, incoordination, mental status changes (e.g., agitation, confusion), hyperreflexia, seizures, and coma. If emergent treatment with methylene blue is required in a patient receiving an SNRI, the SNRI must be stopped immediately and the patient should be monitored for symptoms of CNS toxicity for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. During non-emergent use of methylene blue, the SNRI should be stopped at least 2 weeks prior to methylene blue treatment, but also taking into consideration the half-life of the SNRI being discontinued.
Methylene Blue: Concurrent use of methylene blue and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran) should generally be avoided due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Results from an in vitro study indicate that methylene blue is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the monoamine oxidase type A enzyme (MAO-A). MAO-A is responsible for the metabolism of serotonin; therefore, concurrent use of an MAO-A inhibitor with serotonergic agents such as SNRIs may result in a clinically significant interaction. Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported, primarily following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue (1 to 8 mg/kg) as a visualizing agent in parathyroid surgery, in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, or clomipramine. It is not known if patients receiving other serotonergic psychiatric agents with intravenous methylene blue are at a comparable risk or if methylene blue administered by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. One case report suggests that serotonin toxicity may have occurred post-operatively following administration of standard infusions of methylene blue in a patient receiving duloxetine. The patient experienced disorientation, a mildly elevated temperature, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, mild agitation, and nystagmus. In a separate case, a patient who had been receiving venlafaxine developed expressive aphasia, confusion, and disinhibition following a methylene blue infusion. The authors concluded that methylene blue toxicity had occurred; however, they did not exclude the possibility of a drug interaction based upon previous reports of an interaction between injectable methylene blue and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Published interaction reports between intravenously administered methylene blue and serotonergic psychiatric agents have documented symptoms including lethargy, confusion, delirium, agitation, aggression, obtundation, myoclonus, expressive aphasia, hypertonia, pyrexia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, and/or coma. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include fever, diaphoresis, shivering, myoclonus, tremor, tachycardia, diarrhea, nausea, headache, incoordination, mental status changes (e.g., agitation, confusion), hyperreflexia, seizures, and coma. If emergent treatment with methylene blue is required in a patient receiving an SNRI, the SNRI must be stopped immediately and the patient should be monitored for symptoms of CNS toxicity for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. During non-emergent use of methylene blue, the SNRI should be stopped at least 2 weeks prior to methylene blue treatment, but also taking into consideration the half-life of the SNRI being discontinued.
Methylphenidate: It is possible that methylphenidate could interact with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These interactions could lead to serotonin excess and serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The manufacturers of methylphenidate have noted that an NMS-like event occurred in a child who had been taking methylphenidate chronically, 45 minutes after ingesting a dose of venlafaxine. It is unclear if the reaction was the result of a drug-drug interaction. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, offending agents should be discontinued. While serotonergic agents like venlafaxine have occasionally been prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, the concurrent use of methylphenidate with SNRIs should be approached with caution until more data are available.
Metoclopramide: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that are dopamine antagonists such as metoclopramide. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In addition, metoclopramide may cause extrapyramidal reactions (e.g., acute dystonic reactions, pseudo-parkinsonism, akathisia, or tardive dyskinesia) and is contraindicated with other drugs that are likely to cause extrapyramidal effects. Dystonia, akathisia, trismus, torticollis, dyskinesia, tardive dyskinesia, pseudo-parkinsonism, and/or extrapyramidal disorder (unspecified) have been reported during use of SNRIs; however, these effects appear uncommon. Patients receiving concurrent treatment with dopamine antagonists may be more predisposed to these reactions. Case reports documenting an interaction between metoclopramide and other serotonergic agents (i.e., SSRIs) suggest that serotonin syndrome and/or movement disorders are possible during combined use of metoclopramide and SNRIs. Patients receiving SNRIs and metoclopramide should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, or other adverse effects.
Metoprolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Midazolam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Minoxidil: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Mirtazapine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as mirtazapine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Case reports suggest that serotonin syndrome is possible during concurrent use of mirtazapine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A similar interaction may be possible with mirtazapine and SNRIs. Patients receiving these combinations should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Moexipril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Nabumetone: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Nadolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Naproxen: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Naproxen; Sumatriptan: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Nebivolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Nefazodone: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as nefazodone. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Netupitant; Palonosetron: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering palonosetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as milnacipran. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue palonosetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Nicardipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Nifedipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Nisoldipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Nitroprusside: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Norepinephrine: Concomitant use of milnacipran with drugs that increase blood pressure and heart rate has not been systematically evaluated and such combinations should be used with caution. Due to the effects of milnacipran on noradrenergic pathways, paroxysmal hypertension and arrhythmias may occur during concurrent use of norepinephrine. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, and the patients clinical response to therapy if co-use is necessary. Milnacipran is associated with a mean increase in heart rate of 7 to 8 beats per minute, and higher increases in heart rate (13 beats per minute or more) occur more commonly in patients treated with milnacipran than in those receiving placebo. The mean increase from baseline was 5 to 6 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cases of hypertension with milnacipran have been reported, some requiring immediate treatment.
Olmesartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Oxaprozin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Oxazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Palonosetron: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering palonosetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as milnacipran. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue palonosetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Paroxetine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Penbutolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Pentazocine: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as pentazocine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Pentazocine; Naloxone: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as pentazocine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Pentosan: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Perindopril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Phenoxybenzamine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Phentermine: Use phentermine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) together with caution; use together may be safe and efficacious for some patients based on available data, provided the patient is on a stable antidepressant regimen and receives close clinical monitoring. Regular appointments to assess the efficacy of the weight loss treatment, the emergence of adverse events, and blood pressure monitoring are recommended. Watch for excessive serotonergic effects. Phentermine is related to the amphetamines, and there has been historical concern that phentermine might exhibit potential to cause serotonin syndrome or cardiovascular or pulmonary effects when combined with serotonergic agents. One case report has been received of adverse reactions with phentermine and fluoxetine. However, recent data suggest that phentermine's effect on MAO inhibition and serotonin augmentation is minimal at therapeutic doses, and that phentermine does not additionally increase plasma serotonin levels when combined with other serotonergic agents. In large controlled clinical studies, patients were allowed to start therapy with phentermine or phentermine; topiramate extended-release for obesity along with their antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs or SNRIs, but not MAOIs or TCAs) as long as the antidepressant dose had been stable for at least 3 months prior to the initiation of phentermine, and the patient did not have suicidal ideation or more than 1 episode of major depression documented. In analyses of the results, therapy was generally well tolerated, especially at lower phentermine doses, based on discontinuation rates and reported adverse events. Because depression and obesity often coexist, the study data may be important to providing optimal co-therapies.
Phentermine; Topiramate: Use phentermine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) together with caution; use together may be safe and efficacious for some patients based on available data, provided the patient is on a stable antidepressant regimen and receives close clinical monitoring. Regular appointments to assess the efficacy of the weight loss treatment, the emergence of adverse events, and blood pressure monitoring are recommended. Watch for excessive serotonergic effects. Phentermine is related to the amphetamines, and there has been historical concern that phentermine might exhibit potential to cause serotonin syndrome or cardiovascular or pulmonary effects when combined with serotonergic agents. One case report has been received of adverse reactions with phentermine and fluoxetine. However, recent data suggest that phentermine's effect on MAO inhibition and serotonin augmentation is minimal at therapeutic doses, and that phentermine does not additionally increase plasma serotonin levels when combined with other serotonergic agents. In large controlled clinical studies, patients were allowed to start therapy with phentermine or phentermine; topiramate extended-release for obesity along with their antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs or SNRIs, but not MAOIs or TCAs) as long as the antidepressant dose had been stable for at least 3 months prior to the initiation of phentermine, and the patient did not have suicidal ideation or more than 1 episode of major depression documented. In analyses of the results, therapy was generally well tolerated, especially at lower phentermine doses, based on discontinuation rates and reported adverse events. Because depression and obesity often coexist, the study data may be important to providing optimal co-therapies.
Phentolamine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Pindolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Piroxicam: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Platelet Inhibitors: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Prasugrel: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Prazosin: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Prilocaine; Epinephrine: Concomitant use of milnacipran with drugs that increase blood pressure and heart rate has not been systematically evaluated and such combinations should be used with caution. Due to the effects of milnacipran on noradrenergic pathways, paroxysmal hypertension and arrhythmias may occur during concurrent use of epinephrine. Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, and the patients clinical response to therapy if co-use is necessary. Milnacipran is associated with a mean increase in heart rate of 7 to 8 beats per minute, and higher increases in heart rate (13 beats per minute or more) occur more commonly in patients treated with milnacipran than in those receiving placebo. The mean increase from baseline was 5 to 6 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and cases of hypertension with milnacipran have been reported, some requiring immediate treatment.
Procarbazine: Concurrent use of procarbazine and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) should be avoided if possible. Procarbazine is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Since monoamine oxidase type A deaminates serotonin, administration of a non-selective MAO inhibitor concurrently with an SNRI can lead to serious reactions including serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. If combination therapy is necessary, patients should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
Propranolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Quazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Quinapril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Ramipril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Rasagiline: It is recommended to avoid concurrent use of rasagiline and antidepressants, including serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Severe CNS toxicity with hyperpyrexia has been reported during concurrent use of antidepressants and selective or non-selective MAOIs. During post-marketing use of rasagiline, non-fatal cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported during concomitant antidepressant administration. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. At least 2 weeks should elapse between stopping rasagiline treatment and beginning therapy with any antidepressant. Conversely, when discontinuing the antidepressant, it is advisable to wait the length of 4 to 5 half lives of the individual agent being discontinued prior to initiation with rasagiline.
Reserpine: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Reteplase, r-PA: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving thrombolytic agents. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding when a thrombolytic agent is administered with an SNRI.
Rivaroxaban: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Rofecoxib: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Salicylates: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Salsalate: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving aspirin, ASA or other salicylates which affect hemostasis. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with medications which impair platelet function and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Serotonin-Receptor Agonists: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as serotonin-receptor agonists (e.g., almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan). Serotonin syndrome has been reported during concurrent use of a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with serotonin-receptor agonists. Of the 27 cases reviewed by the FDA, 2 were considered life-threatening and 13 required hospitalization. Some patients had used the combination previously without incident. Eight of 27 cases involved a recent dose increase or addition of another serotonergic drug to the regimen, with a median onset of 1 day (range: 10 minutes to 6 days). It is thought that the interaction between SNRIs or SSRIs and serotonin-receptor agonists is the result of increased serotonergic activity by each of the drug classes. Serotonin syndrome consists of symptoms such as mental status changes (e.g., agitation, confusion, hallucinations), diaphoresis, hyperreflexia, hypertension, diarrhea, fever, tremor, and, in some instances, respiratory failure. At least 6 patients taking an SSRI antidepressant are known to have received sumatriptan for migraine where no apparent adverse effects were seen. In another case report, the addition of fluoxetine lead to loss of migraine control with sumatriptan. Careful monitoring for serotonin syndrome is recommended if combination therapy is required.
Sertraline: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, concurrent use of milnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), should generally be avoided. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, milnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Sibutramine: Sibutramine is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions, caution should be observed when administering sibutramine with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving sibutramine in combination with an SNRI should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: Due to possible additive effects on serotonin concentrations, it is advisable to avoid combinations of St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Interactions between SNRIs and serotonergic agents can lead to serious reactions including serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Streptokinase: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving thrombolytic agents. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding when a thrombolytic agent is administered with an SNRI.
Sulindac: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Tapentadol: Caution is advised when tapentadol is coadministered with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors as this combination may result in excessive concentrations of serotonin and/or norepinephrine and increase the potential for adverse cardiac events and serotonin syndrome development. If concomitant treatment is clinically warranted, careful observation of the patient is advised, especially during initiation of the second therapy and after dosage adjustments (increases) of either agent.
Tedizolid: Use caution with the concurrent use of tedizolid and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to the theoretical risk of serotonin sydrome. Animal studies did not predict serotonergic effects; however, patients on concurrent SNRIs were excluded from clinical trials. Additionally, tedizolid is an antibiotic that is also a weak reversible, non-selective MAO inhibitor and monoamine oxidase type A deaminates serotonin; therefore, coadministration theoretically could lead to serious reactions including serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Telmisartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Temazepam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Tenecteplase, TNK-tPA: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving thrombolytic agents. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding when a thrombolytic agent is administered with an SNRI.
Terazosin: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Thrombolytic Agents: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving thrombolytic agents. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding when a thrombolytic agent is administered with an SNRI.
Ticagrelor: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Ticlopidine: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Timolol: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Tinzaparin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Tirofiban: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Tolmetin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Tramadol: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering milnacipran and levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. The combination of other serotonergic medications and tramadol has been associated with serotonin syndrome and seizures. Several cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported following the administration of tramadol with SSRIs such as paroxetine or sertraline. Levomilnacipran, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, has actions similar to the SSRIs and thus may also have the potential to interact with tramadol. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or other adverse effects. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, levomilnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Trandolapril: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Trazodone: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering levomilnacipran with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as trazodone. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, levomilnacipran and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Treprostinil: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Triazolam: Concurrent use of many CNS-active drugs with milnacipran or levomilnacipran has not been evaluated by the manufacturer. Therefore, caution is advisable when combining anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics or other psychoactive medications with these medications.
Tricyclic antidepressants: Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tricyclic antidepressants. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, the tricyclic antidepressant and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Urokinase: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving thrombolytic agents. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding when a thrombolytic agent is administered with an SNRI.
Valdecoxib: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by milnacipran due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding in patients taking milnacipran and NSAIDs.
Valsartan: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Venlafaxine: Due to similarity of pharmacology and the potential for additive adverse effects, including serotonin syndrome, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) including venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, and milnacipran should not be coadministered with each other. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. It is advisable to monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during overlapping transition from one SNRI to another SNRI.
Verapamil: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Vilazodone: Due to possible additive effects on serotonin concentrations, it is advisable to avoid combining serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors with vilazodone. Interactions between vilazodone and serotonergic agents can lead to serious reactions including serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reactions. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored closely for toxicity.
Vorapaxar: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving platelet inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors). Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with a platelet inhibitor and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Vortioxetine: Due to similarity of pharmacology and the potential for additive adverse effects, including serotonin syndrome, vortioxetine should generally not be administered with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, and milnacipran. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, vortioxetine and concurrent serotonergic agents should be discontinued.
Warfarin: Platelet aggregation may be impaired by serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. The causality and mechanism of this potential interaction have not been established. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking an SNRI with an anticoagulant medication and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner.
Zolpidem: Disorientation, delusions, or hallucinations have been reported rarely during co-administration of zolpidem and some SNRI-type antidepressants. The duration of the visual hallucinations has ranged from 30 minutes to 7 hours. The interaction is thought to be pharmacodynamic in nature; therefore, a similar reaction is possible with levomilnacipran or milnacipran. Data from a clinical study in which SSRI-treated patients were given immediate-release zolpidem revealed that four of the seven discontinuations during double-blind treatment with zolpidem (n = 95) were associated with impaired concentration, continuing or aggravated depression, and manic reaction.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

Milnacipran is classified as FDA pregnancy risk category C. Milnacipran should be used in pregnancy only where the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs any potential risk to the fetus. If the clinician and patient decide to continue milnacipran during pregnancy, discontinuation symptoms should be considered in the newborn at birth. Fetal exposure to serotonergic antidepressants late in the third trimester has resulted in complications requiring prolonged hospitalization, respiratory support, and tube feeding in the neonate. Such complications can arise immediately upon delivery. Features are consistent with either a direct toxic effect of serotonergic agents or, possibly, a neonatal abstinence syndrome. It should be noted that, in some cases, the clinical picture is consistent with serotonin syndrome. Reported findings have included respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulties, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, tremor, jitteriness, irritability, and constant crying. When treating a pregnant woman with an SNRI or other serotonergic agent during the third trimester, the physician should carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of treatment. If clinically feasible, gradual tapering of the medication prior to delivery may be considered. Results from animal studies showed an increased incidence in fetal mortality and skeletal variation (i.e., extra single rib) when milnacipran was administered to pregnant animals; postpartum weight loss and decreased viability occurred when milnacipran was administered to rats during late gestation. Physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients receiving milnacipran enroll in the Savella Pregnancy Registry to provide information about the effects of in utero exposure to the drug. Enrollment is voluntary. Patients or their healthcare providers may call 1—877—643—3010 to enroll in the registry, or they may use the e-mail or website address provided in the product labeling. Because the effects of milnacipran during labor and delivery are unknown, use is not recommended.

According to the manufacturer, milnacipran is present in the breast milk of lactating women, and caution should be exercised when milnacipran is administered to a breast-feeding mother. In a pharmacokinetic study, milnacipran 50 mg PO was administered as a single dose to 8 lactating women who were at least 12 weeks postpartum and weaning their infants. Based on peak plasma concentrations, the maximum daily infant dose of milnacipran from breast milk (assuming mean milk consumption of 150 ml/kg/day) was estimated to be 5% of the maternal dose. In most patients, peak concentrations of milnacipran in breast milk were seen within 4 hours after the maternal dose. Galactorrhea has been reported during milnacipran therapy, and thus, interference with proper lactation may be possible. Although duloxetine may be considered as an alternative to milnacipran in the treatment of fibromyalgia, safety of duloxetine during breast-feeding has not been established. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not make specific recommendations regarding duloxetine or milnacipran use during breast-feeding, but the AAP cautions that psychotropic medications affect neurotransmitter function in the developing central nervous system, and therefore, the accurate prediction of long-term adverse effects may not be possible. Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition. If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse effect related to a maternally ingested drug, healthcare providers are encouraged to report the adverse effect to the FDA.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Mechanism of Action: Milnacipran is a dual-acting reuptake inhibitor that acts on 2 key neurotransmitters in the human body, norepinephrine and serotonin; however, the exact mechanism by which milnacipran improves the symptoms of fibromyalgia is unknown. The drug exhibits a preference for norepinephrine reuptake inhibition over serotonin reuptake inhibition by 3-fold. Milnacipran has no effect on dopamine reuptake. It also does not appear to have a direct action at noradrenergic, muscarinic, beta-adrenergic, dopamine, opiate, benzodiazepine, GABA, or histaminergic receptor sites. Milnacipran does not inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) or acetylcholinesterase. The parent drug is the only compound responsible for the activity of milnacipran.

PHARMACOKINETICS

Milnacipran is administered orally. Plasma protein binding is not considered to be clinically significant (13%). The parent drug is the only compound responsible for the activity. Milnacipran is a racemic mixture; the active enantiomer, d-milnacipran, has a half-life of 8—10 hours, and the l-enantiomer has a half-life of 4—6 hours. It is primarily eliminated in the urine as the parent compound (55%), and the remainder is eliminated largely as several inactive metabolites including the l-enantiomer carbamoyl-O-glucuronide (17%), d-enantiomer carbamoyl-O-glucuronide (2%), and N-desethyl milnacipran metabolite (8%).
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: none
Milnacipran undergoes minimal CYP450 metabolism; in vitro data indicate that it does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4 and does not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP3A4/5.